F-03 (Mangoliyar)

cs;slf;fk;

 

• Kd;Diu
• kq;Nfhypaupd; g+u;tPfk;
• K];ypk;fSld; Nkhjf; fhuzq;fs;
• kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;

• fpyhgj; tPo;r;rp
• gf;jhj; efu; mopg;Gk;> ,dr; Rj;jpfupg;Gk;
• \PM ehL Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
• fpwp];jtu;fspd; Mjpf;fk;
• mwpTf; fUT+yq;fis INuhg;gpau; vLj;Jr; nrd;wik
• gf;jhjpd; epyq;fSk; tsq;fSk; mopf;fg;gl;lik
• K/j]pyh nfhs;if tsu;r;rp fz;lik

 

• kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;ghy; Vw;gl;l rhjfkhd tpisTfs;

• J}a ,];yhj;ijg; gw;wp kf;fisr; rpe;jpf;f itj;jik
• ,[;jp`hj; tsu;r;rpAk; mwpQu;fs; Njhd;wpaikAk;
• kq;Nfhypau; ,];yhj;ij Vw;wik
• ,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhkpa Ml;rp
• fpof;F Nkw;Ff;fpilapyhd njhlu;G Vw;gl;lik

 

• KbTiu
• crhj;Jizfs;

 

 

 

 

 

Kd;Diu

 

     ,];yhkpa rhk;uh[;[pak; Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh> INuhg;gh vd cyfk; KOtJk; nfhbfl;bg; gwe;J nfhz;bUe;j Ntis 18k; E}w;whz;by; jpBh; vd kpfg; ngUk; Gay; xd;iw vjph; nfhz;lJ. mJNt kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;ghFk;.

 

     fhl;Lkpuhz;bfshf> ehNlhbfshf miye;J jpupe;j kq;Nfhypah; [q;fp];fhdpd; jiyikapy; xd;W jpuz;L ‘kq;Nfhypah’ vDk; Njrj;ij cUthf;fpdh;. gpd;dh; may; gpuNjrq;fshd rPdh> u\;ah KOtijAk; ifg;gw;wp tpl;L kj;jpa fpof;Ff;Fs;Sk; Eioe;J jk; muh[fj;ij muq;Nfw;wpdh;. vd;whYk;> ,];yhkpa fpyhgj;jpd; jiyefUf;Fs; [q;fp];fhd; Eioatpy;iy.

 

     rpwpJ fhyj;jpd; gpd; [q;fp];fhdpd; Ngudhd $yhFfhd; gf;jhij Mf;fpukpj;J ,];yhkpa ehfupfr; rpd;dq;fisAk; mwptpaw; nghf;fp\q;fisAk; jPf;fpiuahf;fpdhd;. $yhFfhd; 1258y; Nkw;nfhz;l gilnaLg;G md;W Ml;lq;fz;L nfhz;bUe;j fpyhgj;ij tPo;r;rpAwr; nra;jNjhL ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; ghupa gpd; tpisTfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

 

     vdNt> ,];yhkpa ehfupf tuyhw;wpy; ngUk; jpUg;G Kidahf mike;j kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;G Vw;gLj;jpa rhjf> ghjf tpisTfs; vd;d vd;gij ,t;tha;tpy; tpupthf Nehf;FNthk;.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. kq;Nfhypaupd; g+u;tPfk;

     kj;jpa Mrpahtpd; gue;J tpupe;j Gy; ntspfspy; guk;giu guk;giuahf> ehNlhb ,ilau;fshf ehfupfk; vJTkpd;wp tho;e;j $l;lj;jpdNu kq;Nfhypau; Mtu;. `_zu;fs;> JUf;fpau;fs;> kq;Nfhypau;fs; vDk; %d;W gpuptpdUk; Xupd kf;fshfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;.

 

     kq;Nfhy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ‘tPuu;fs;;’; vd;gjhFk;. ,J Mong (tPuk;) vd;w nrhy;ypd; mbahfg; gpwe;jJ. kj;jpa Mrpahtpd; fpof;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s gPl G+kpjhd; kq;Nfhypau;fspd; tho;tplk;.

 

nrq;fp];fhdpd; jiyikapy; kq;Nfhypau; vOr;rp

    

ehNlhbfshf miye;J jpupe;j kq;Nfhypau;fis tuyhW NgRk; tPuu;fshf khw;wpa ngUik nrq;fp];fhidNa rhUk;. kq;Nfhypau; Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; clw;fl;Lk; cWjpAk; tha;e;jtu;fs;. vt;tpj f\;lq;fisAk;> rthy;fisAk; vjpu; nfhs;Sk; jpwikia ehNlhb tho;tpy; mtu;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. mtu;fsJ jpwikfisAk;> tPuj;ijAk; nrq;fp];fhd; cyfwpar; nra;jhd;. kq;Nfhypau;fs; vDk; ngaiuf; Nfl;lhNy eLeLq;Fk; msT jd;dpdj;ij NkNyhq;fr; nra;jhd;.

 

     kq;Nfhypah vd;gJ kj;jpa fpof;fhrpahtpy; mike;Js;s gok;ngUk; ehlhFk;. mjd; tlf;Nf u\;ahTk;> fpof;F Nkw;F kw;Wk; njw;Nf rPdhTk; mike;Js;sd. ngsj;jk;> yhkhap]k; Mfpa rkaq;fs; kq;Nfhypau;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. mq;F kq;Nfhypad; nkhop Ngr;R tof;fpy; cs;sJ. kq;Nfhypau; rPdh kq;Nfhypah> u\;ah Nghd;w ehLfspy; tho;fpd;w NghJk; mtu;fsJ guk;giuapduhd Kfyhau;> `]u;> Ikf; Nghd;w FOf;fs; kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; Fwpg;ghf Mg;fhdp];jhd;> ghf;fp];jhd;> ,e;jpah> <uhd; Nghd;w ehLfspy; tho;fpd;wdu;.

 

 

nrq;fp];fhd;

       

jd; ngw;Nwhu;fs; ,l;l ‘jP %rpd;’ vd;w ngaiu cjwpj; js;sptpl;L ‘nrq;fp];fhd;’ vd;w tPug; ngaiur; #l;bf; nfhz;l khtPud; gpwe;jJ fp.gp; 1162,y; MFk;. ,tdJ je;ijapd; ngau; VRfha;. jhapd; ngau; xapyd; MFk;.

 

     cyfg; gpurpj;jp ngw;w> rPdhtpd; epfuw;w jw;fhg;gpw;fhd rPdg; ngUQ;Rtiu ,bj;Jj; js;spatd; ,tNd. rPdg; Nguuirj; Njhw;fbj;J rPdhTf;Fs;NsNa MSk; tk;rk; xd;iw epWtpatd; vd;w ngaiuAk; ngw;whd; nrq;fp];fhd;. rPdg; NguRf;Nf thuprhfp fpof;fpy; jpngj;> Nkw;fpy; rpq;fpahd; vd;w vy;iyfs; tiuapy; mtd; Ml;rp nra;jhd;.

 

     1206,y; nrq;fp];fhd; kuzpj;j gpd; mtdJ 3k; kfd; Xflha; Ml;rpf;F te;jhd;. mtdJ jiyikapy; kq;Nfhypau; u\;ahit KOikahf ntw;wp nfhz;ldu;. 1241,y; Xflha; kuzpj;j gpd; nrq;fp];fhdpd; Nguu;fs; rPdh> u\;ah> kj;jpahrpah> ghurPfk;> nfhupah> jpngj;> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; rpy gFjpfs; vd kpfg; ngUk; epyg; gug;ig Ml;rp nra;jdu;. vdpDk;> 14k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J gbg;gbahf jhk; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;L> 18k; E}w;whz;by; kq;Nfhypah vDk; jkJ ehl;Lf;Fs; khj;jpuk; jkJ Ml;rpia tiuaWj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. mg;NghJ ,e;ehL rPdhtpd; xU khepykhf khwpaJ. 1911,y; ,lk; ngw;w rPdg; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd; u\;ahtpd; cjtpAld; ,e;ehL jdpehlhf khwpaJ.

 

K];ypk;fSld; Nkhjf; fhuzq;fs;

   

rPUk;rpwg;Gk; nry;thf;Fk; mikjpAk; xUq;Nf epyt Ml;rp nra;j K];ypk; ehLfs; kPJ kq;Nfhypau;fs; gilnaLj;jikf;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW.

1. mg;gh]pa fyPgh me;eh]pu; (fp.gp. 1179-1225) jk; guk vjpupahd Fthuprk; rh myhTjPid mlf;fp jk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf kq;Nfhypau;fspd; cjtpia ehbdhd;.

 

2. jd; ehl;Lf;Fk; Fthuprk; ehl;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa Nghf;Ftuj;J Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp thzpgk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhs;s tu;j;jf J}Jf; Nfh\;b xd;iw nrq;fp];fhd; mDg;gp itj;jjhfTk;> mij Xu; xw;wu; Nfh\;b vd;W epidj;J mf;FOtpd; cilikfisg; gwpj;J mtu;fs; midtiuAk; K];ypk;fs; gLnfhiy nra;jjhy; Mj;jpuKw;w nrq;fp];fhd; gypthq;Fk; Nehf;fpy; gilnaLj;jjhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

 

3. nfhs;is> nfhiy Nghd;wtw;iwg; nghOJ Nghf;fhff; nfhz;l kq;Nfhypau; gilia Xa;ntLf;f tpl;lhy; jq;fSf;fpilNa Gul;rpiaAk;> fyfj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jp tpLtu; vdf;fUjpa mtu;fis tskpf;f K];ypk; ehLfs; kPJ gilnaLf;f itj;J K];ypk; ehLfis jtpL nghbahf;fpdhd;.

 

4. ,];yhkpa ehLfspd; nropg;Gk; mit ngw;wpUe;j nry;thf;Fk; nry;tq;fSk; $l kq;Nfhypau;fspd; Nguhirfisj; J}z;btpl;ld.mjdhy; mr;nry;tq;fisf; nfhs;isabg;gjw;fhd mupa tha;g;G mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jJ.

 

     VNjh xU fhuzj;jpdhy; gilnaLj;J cyf tuyhw;iwNa khw;wpaikj;jdu; kq;Nfhypau;. (1219-1224) Ie;J Mz;L gilnaLg;gpd; tpisthf kf;fs; gpzk; ngUk; Ftpay;fshff; Ftpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mz;> ngz;> Kjpatu;fs;> Foe;ijfs; vd;w tpj;jpahrk; VJkpd;wp mtu;fs; midtUk; nfhd;W Ftpf;fg;gl;ldu;. G+Q;Nrhiyahf ,Ue;j ,lnky;yhk; fy;yiwahff; fhl;rpaspj;jd.

 

     nrq;fp];fhdpd; muf;fu; $l;lkhfpa nfhba kq;Nfhypag;  gilfisAila tuyhW fhzhj ,uj;jg; ngUnts;sk; kq;NfhypahtpypUe;J njhlq;fp <uhdpa gPl G+kpapy; fiuGuz;L u\;ahtpYs;s fpA efuj;ijAk; nrd;wile;jJ. md;W moF efu;fshff; fhl;rpaspj;j gy;f;> G`huh>  rku;f;fe;j;;> ku;c> `Puj;; ie]hG+u;> ua;A Nghd;w tdg;Gkpf;f Ngnuopy; efuq;fnsy;yhk; #iwahlg;gl;ld. me;efuq;fspd; khl khspiffs; jfu;j;Jj; jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;ld.

 

     nrq;fp];fhdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; mtdJ kfd; Xfjha; kfhfhd; Mdhd;. ,td; u\;ahTf;Fs; GFe;J nkh];Nfh> fpA+> Nghye;J> `q;Nfup> fpiuf;Nfh Nghd;w midj;J efuq;fisAk; #iuahb INuhg;ghTf;Fs; Eioe;jhd;. mjp\;ltrkhf gf;jhJk; nry;[_f;fpa rpw;wuRk; ,tdJ Nfhug; ghu;itapypUe;J jg;gpf; nfhz;ld.

 

     Xfjha; kuzkile;j gpd; fp.gp.1252 ,y; kq;Ffhd; kfhfhd; Mdhd;. ,jdhy; jdJ rNfhjud; `{yhFfhid ghurPfj;jpd; ftu;duhf;fpdhd;. gf;jhij Ml;rp nra;j fyPghtpd; xU nray; mtid Mj;jpu%l;baNghJ jd; thf;FWjpiaf; fhg;ghw;whjjw;fhf fyPghitf; fbe;J ,dpNkyhtJ xOq;fhf ele;J nfhs;shtpl;lhy; fyPgh jd; rhk;uh[;aj;ij ,of;f NeupLk; vd;Wk; vr;rupj;J fyPghTf;F nra;jpaDg;gpdhd;. gf;jhj; kPJ gilnaLf;f re;ju;g;gk; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j `{yhFfhd; kq;Nfhypau; rpyu; gf;jhjpy; K];ypk;fs; rpyuhy; mtkjpf;fg;gl;ljhf Nfs;tpg;gl;lJjhd; jhkjk; clNd gf;jhj; kPJ gilnaLj;jr; nrd;whd;.

 

     1258 [dtup 29k; jpfjpapypUe;J ngg;utup 10 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; gf;jhj; efupy; ghupa Aj;jk; ,lk; ngw;wJ. kq;Nfhypaupd; ];jhgfu; [q;fp];fhDf;Fg; gpd; 2tJ jiyKiwapd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;w `{yhf;Ffhdpd; jiyikapy; kq;Nfhypau; xd;Wjpul;lg;gl;ldu;. ,g;gilapy; 120>000f;Fk; mjpfkhd tPuu;fs; gq;F nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fSs; 40>000 Mu;Nkdpa fhyhl; gilapdUk; 12>000 Mu;Nkdpa Fjpiug; gilapdUk; kq;Nfhypa JUf;fpa N[hu;[pa gil tPuu;fSk; gq;F nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mg;gh]pa fyPgh my;K/j]pkpd; ,uhZtj;jpy; nkhj;jkhf 50000 tPuu;fs; kl;LNk ,Ue;jdu;.

    

40 ehs; Kw;Wiff;Fg; gpd; mtd; gf;jhijf;; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. fyPghTk;> mtUila gps;isfSk; cw;whu; cwtpdUk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;fs;. mwptpay; Ma;T $lq;fSk;> fy;tp $lq;fSk; jfu;f;fg;gl;ld. thrpfrhiyfs; jPapyplg;gl;ld. tNahjpgu;>rpWtu;>ngz; vd;w NtWghbd;wp midtUk; nfh^ukhff; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. 15 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhNdhu; Vida may;  ehLfSf;Fs; jQ;rk; GFe;jdu;.

 

     kj;jpahrpahit gy;yhz;Lfshf tsg;gLj;jpa ePu;g;ghrd trjpfSk; mopf;fg;gl;ld. Mapuj;J Xu; ,uTfs; vDk; fhtpaj;jpy; midtuhYk; ftug;gl;l vopy; kpF gf;jhjpd; moF Kw;whf rpijf;fg;gl;L 500 tUl rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;F KbT fl;bdhd; `{yhFfhd;. tu;j;jf> fyhrhu mwptpay; kj;jpa epiyakhf tpsq;fpa gf;jhj; rd elkhl;lkw;w kahd G+kpahf ntwpr;Nrhbf; fple;jJ.

 

kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;

      

fp.gp.1258,y; kq;Nfhypa ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;j `_yhFfhdpd; gilnaLg;G ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; khj;jpukd;wp cyf tuyhw;wpYk; ghupa tpisTfis Njhw;wptpj;Js;sJ. Neubahf gf;jhj; efiu mtu;fs; mopj;jNghJ ,];yhkpa fpyhgj;jpdJk;> ck;kj;jpdJk; xw;Wikapd; ,Wjpf;fl;lkhfNt ,Ue;jJ. mit gpd;tUkhW :

 

01. fpyhgj; tPo;r;rp

      egp(]y;) mtu;fspdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,];yhkpa Ml;rp Kiwik gpd; te;j Neu;top ngw;w fyPghf;fs; ehy;tupdhYk; njhlu;e;J Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. xNu Filapd; fPo; ,];yhkpa r%fj;ij xd;W gLj;JtNjhL ,iwahl;rpia ];jhgpg;gjhfTk; ,Ue;j mJ fpyhgj; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;fisj; njhlu;e;J te;j cikahf;fSk; mg;gh]pau;fSk; VNjh xU tifapy; ,];yhkpa ck;kj;jpd; xNu jiyikj;Jtj;ij Ngzpf;fhj;jdu;. mjdhy; me;epa rf;jpfshy; K];ypk;fis Nehf;fp te;j vjpu;g;GfSk;> rthy;fSk; ,yFthf Kwpabf;fg;gl;ld.

 

     ru;tNjr uPjpahf K];ypk;fspd; xw;Wikiag; ghJfhj;J te;j fpyhgj;jpd; rhTkzpahfNt kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;Gf; fhzg;gl;lJ. mg;gh]pa ,Wjp fyPgh my; K/;j]pk; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lNjhL> cyfshtpa K];ypk;fspd; xw;WikAk; rPu;Fiyf;fg;gl;L rpw;wuRfSk;> cs;ehl;Lf; Fog;gq;fSk; mjpfupj;jd.

   

      gpw;fhyj;jpy; c];khdpau; fpyhgj;ij kPsf; fl;bnaOg;gpa NghJk; ,];yhkpa ck;kj;jpd; xw;WikiaAk;> rNfhjuj;Jtj;ijAk; fl;bnaOg;g Kbahj epiyNa Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; vtuhYk; K];ypk;fis mirf;fKbahJ vdf; fhzg;gl;l epiyia kq;Nfhypau; khw;wpaikj;Jf;fhl;baikjhd;. K];ypk;fspd; guk vjpupfshd INuhg;gpa fpwp];jtu;fs; rpYit Aj;jk; vd;w Ngupy; K];ypk; ehLfSf;nfjpuhfg; gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhs;s kq;NfhypaNu Kd;Ndhbfshf ,Ue;jdu;.

 

     rpYit Aj;jq;fs; kq;Nfhypag;gilnaLg;Gf;F Kd;du; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l NghJk; ,];yhkpa fpyhgj;jpd; ngUk; efu;fSf;Fs; Eioa fpwp];jtu;fs; mQ;rpdu;. vd;whYk;> 1258,y; kq;Nfhypau; Nkw;nfhz;l gilnaLg;G mtu;fSf;F cs ijupaj;ijf; nfhLj;jjhy; 8tJ rpYit Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ 1260,y; rpYit tPuu;fs; rphpahitf; ifg;gw;wp jk; nfhLikfis mq;Fk; muq;Nfw;wpdu;.

 

02. gf;jhj; efu; mopg;Gk;> ,dr; Rj;jpfupg;Gk; 

      mg;gh]pa fyPgh my;kd;#updhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l vopy; kpF efuhd gf;jhj; fpyhgj;jpd; jiy efuhfTk;>  tu;j;jfu;fisAk;> fiyQu;fisAk;> fy;tpkhd;fisAk; xd;wpizf;Fk; Nfe;jpu ikakhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. mwptpay; Jiwapd; Cw;whff; fhzg;gl;l gf;jhjpy; fy;tpf; $lq;fSk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk;> E}y;epiyaq;fSk;> mtjhd epiyaq;fSk;> thdpiy epiyaq;fSk; epiwe;J fhzg;gl;ld.

 

     ,t;tofpa fyhrhu> mwptpay; efuk; kq;Nfhypa fhl;Lkpuhz;bfshy; mopj;Jj; jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;ld. mq;F tho;e;j mwpQu;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;> Ml;rpahsu;fs; cl;gl nghJkf;fSk; Mz;> ngz;> rpWtu;> tNahjpgu; vd;w ghFghL ,d;wp midtUk; nfhd;WFtpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fshy; ,t;thW nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ltu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 18 ,yl;rk; vd ,khk; ,g;D fjPu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

 

03. \PM ehL Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.

         mg;gh]pa fpyhgj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gl;l rpw;wuRfs; rpy kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;ig jkf;F rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhz;ld. \PMf;fshd Gitfpj; Ml;rpahsu;fs; mw;g murpay; ,yhgq;fSf;fhf mbf;fb Fog;gq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdu;. fp.gp.1055,y; Jf;fpupy; Ngf; gf;jhj;jpw;Fs; Eioe;J Njhw;Wtpj;j ry;[{f;fpa Ml;rpapy; \PMf;fs; gykpoe;jdu;. mtu;fs; ry;[{f;fpauplkpUe;J Ml;rpiag; ngWtjw;fhf mbf;fb gpur;rpidfspy; <Lgl;l NghJk; mJ ntw;wpaspf;ftpy;iy. vdNt mjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij mtu;fs; vjpu;ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

 

   mjdhy;> kq;Nfhypau; gf;jhj; kPJ gilnaLj;j NghJ kq;NfhypaUf;F topfhl;bfshfTk;> mg;gilapy; ,ize;J Nghu; tPuu;fshfTk; nraw;gl;L gf;jhij mopg;gjpy; gq;F nfhz;ldu;. me;j Gitfpj;fspd; cjtpf;F ed;wp nrYj;Jk; Kfkhf `{yhFfhd; mjh my;Ky;F [{itdp vd;gtid gf;jhjpd; ftu;duhf epakpj;jhd;.

 

     ,t;thW gf;jhjpd; Gjpa ftu;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;l mjh [{itdp mur epUthfg; nghWg;GfSld; \PMf; nfhs;ifiag; gpur;rhuk; nra;tjpYk; <Lgl;lhd;. <uhdpd; tl fpof;F khfhzkhd Fuhrhdpy; gpwe;j ,td; kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;gpd;NghJ mtu;fSf;F kpfg; gf;fgykhfr; nraw;gl;ltd;. mjdhy; gf;jhJf;F kl;Lkd;wp nkh]gj;Njkpa $]p];jhd; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; ftu;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhd;. ,tdJ jiyikapy; xd;wpize;j \PMf;fs; mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiy ehl;bf; nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jdu;. mjd; tpisthf mg;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; <uhd; xU \PM ehlhf cUthFk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

 

     gpd;du; <uhdpy; \PM nfhs;ifiar; rhu;e;j rgtpa Ml;rp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. mtu;fs; Vida may; gpuNjrq;fspYk; jkJ murpay;> \PM nfhs;ifia epiyehl;l tpUk;gpdu;. mjd; njhluhfNt fp.gp.1507,y; rgtpa kd;dd; \h ,];khapy; gf;jhj;ij jhf;fpdhu;.

 

04. fpwp];jtu;fspd; Mjpf;fk;

        `{yhFfhdpd; fpwp];jt kidtp ‘nlhf;]; `hj;J}d;’ kq;Nfhypau; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrq;fspy; fpwp];jtg; gpur;rhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhs;. mjdhy; gf;jhjpYk; mijr; #OTs;s gFjpapYk; fpwp];jt rkak; gutpaJ. ,g;gFjpfspy; fj;Njhypf;f Njthyaq;fis mikj;j `{yhFfhd; jdf;fhf khtl;l jiyik fpwp];jt Njthyak; xd;iwAk; mikj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;.

 

05.mwpTf; fUT+yq;fis INuhg;gpau; vLj;Jr; nrd;wik.

                mwptpay;> fiy> tpQ;Qhdk;> kUj;Jtk;> thdtpay;> ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiw rhu;e;j gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd E}y;fs; gf;jhj; E}y; epiyaq;fspy; fhzg;gl;ld.  ,e;E}w;fis rpYit Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ INuhg;gpau; jkJ ehl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L nrd;wdu;. gf;jhjpw;F tUif je;j INuhg;gpa Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;gpd; gpwF mq;F te;J kq;Nfhypau;fshy; mopf;fg;gl;l vQ;rpapUe;j E}w;fisAk; Ma;T $lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fUtpfisAk; INuhg;ghTf;Fs; vLj;Jr; nrd;wdu;.

 

06.gf;jhjpd; epyq;fSk; tsq;fSk; mopf;fg;gl;lik.

    gf;jhj; tu;j;jf efuhf kl;Lkd;wp nropg;Gs;s tptrha efuhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. kq;Nfhypau; te;J mt;tptrhaj;ijAk; mopj;jdu;. ,khk; ,g;D fjPPu; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ mtu;fSf;F ve;j czTk; mtrpakhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. fhuzk; mtu;fs; jk;kplkpUe;j MLfs;> khLfs;> Fjpiufs;> eha;fisAk; cz;ldu;. mk;kpUfq;fisj; jtpu mtu;fSf;F NtnwJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. me;j msT mtu;fs; Gw;G+z;LfisAk;> gapu;fisAk; mopj;J tpl;ldu;.

 

     fyPghit mr;RWj;jp jq;fk;> ,uj;jpdf;fw;fs;> ngWkjpahd nghUl;fs; Nghd;wd kiwj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; ,lq;fisf; fhz;gpf;FkhW $wp> mtw;iwAk; kq;Nfhypau; jkjhf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. `{yhFf;fhd; fyPghtpdhy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j ngWkjp kpf;f nghUl;fisAk; f[hdhf;fspd; G+l;Lf;fis cilj;J vLf;FkhW $wpdhd;. G+l;Lf;fis cilj;j kq;Nfhypau; 2000 JzpkzpfisAk;> 10000 jPdhu;fisAk;> Kj;Jf;fs;> ituq;fisAk; nfhz;L te;J mtdplk; nfhLj;jdu;. mtw;iw ,td; jdJ Mjuthsu;fSf;F gq;fpl;Lf; nfhLj;jhd;. NtW ,d;Dk; ngWkjpahd nghUl;fs;> Gijay;fs; ,Uf;Fkplj;ij fyPghtplk; `{yhFfhd; Nfl;lhd;. mjw;ftu; muz;kiz tshfj;jpw;Fs; jq;fj;jpdhy; epug;gg;gl;l jlhfk; xd;W ,Ug;gjhff; $wpdhu;. mJTk; mk;kq;Nfhypau;fshy; Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

 

06. K/j]pyh nfhs;if tsu;r;rp fz;lik.

   kq;Nfhypa gilnaLg;gpdhy; ,];yhkpa fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gk; xOq;Fk; rPu;Fiyf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,];yhj;Jf;F Kuzhd ,af;fq;fs; jkJ nfhs;iffis tsu;g;gjw;Fg; gy Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L ntw;wp fz;ldu;. #gpj;Jt rpe;jid me;epa fyhrhuq;fspd; jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;L kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Jwtwg; Nghf;ifAk;> gw;ww;w jd;ikiaAk; cUthf;fp r%f rpe;jidia kOq;fbj;jJ. mt;thNw fyPghf;fshy; mlf;fp xLf;fg;gl;l K/j]pyh ,af;fj;jpdUk; Jupj tsu;r;rp fz;ldu;.

 

kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;ghy; Vw;gl;l rhjfkhd tpisTfs;

   

kq;Nfhypau;fspd; gilnaLg;G mg;gh]pa fpyhgj;ij Kw;Wg;ngwr; nra;J gf;jhij mopj;j NghJk;> gpw;fhyq;fspy; rpy rhjfkhd tpisTfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpd.

 

1. J}a ,];yhj;ijg; gw;wp kf;fisr; rpe;jpf;f itj;jik.

      mg;gh]pa fpyhgj;jpd; gpw;fhyg;gFjpapy; Ml;rpf;Fj; jFjpaw;wtu;fs; fyPghf;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. guk;giu Ml;rp epytpaNjhL 15 taJf;Fl;gl;l rpWtu;fSk; fyPghf;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. mjdhy;  kf;fisg; gw;wpNah> ehl;bd; eyd; gw;wpNah rpe;jpf;fhJ fyPghf;fs; Ra eyj;ijAk; jk; FLk;g eyj;ijANk ftdj;jpw; nfhz;ldu;. mt;thNw ,];yhkpa tplaq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fhJ> Mlk;gu tho;tpYk; Nfspf;iffspYk; fyPghf;fs; %O;fpapUe;jjhy; ,];yhkpa mwpQu;fSk;> rl;l ty;Ydu;fSk; fyPghf;fSf;F Mjutspf;fhJ J}a ,];yhkpa Ml;rpia cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Nghjidfis kf;fs; kj;jpapy; vLj;J itj;jdu;.

 

     me;epauhd kq;Nfhypaupd; gilnaLg;Gf;Ff; fhuzk; ,];yhkpa Ml;rpAk;> NghjidfSk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ jhd; vd;gij czu;e;j kf;fs; ,];yhj;ij KOikahfg; gpd;gw;w Kaw;rpj;jNjhL me;epa rf;jpfSf;nfjpuhf <khdpa czu;Tld; NghuhlTk; Kd;te;jdu;.

 

2. ,[;jp`hj; tsu;r;rpAk; mwpQu;fs; Njhd;wpaikAk;

      fp.gp.1258,y; kq;Nfhypauhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gilnaLg;G K/j]pyhf;fs;> \PMf;fs;> juPf;fhf;fs; Nghd;w ,];yhkpa mfPfhTf;F Kuz;gl;l ,af;fq;fspd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; ,[;jp`hJf;nfjpuhd jf;yPj; Nghf;ifAk; Jupjg; gLj;jpd. ,j;jifa Nkhrkhd epiyfis kf;fs; kj;jpapy; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yp J}a ,];yhj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ.

 

      ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; J}a ,];yhj;ijg; Nghjpf;Fk; K[;j`pJfs; Njhd;wp jf;yPj; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; fz;bj;jNjhL> ,[;jp`hij capu;g;;gpf;fTk;> ,];yhj;ij kq;Nfhypau;fspd; ml;lfhrq;fspypUe;J ghJfhf;fTk; Nghuhbdu;. ,j;jifa K[;j`pJfspy; Kjd;ikahdtuhf ,khk; ,g;D ijkpah mtu;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhu;fs;. mf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa K[;j`pJfs; rpyu; gpd;tUkhW :

 

1. ,];]_ ,g;D mg;J]; ]yhk;(w`;)              - `p[;up 578-660
2. Ki`apj;jPd; egtp (w`;)                      - `p[;up 631-676
3. ,g;D jfPf; my;<j; (w`;)                                          - `p[;up 672-702
4. myhTj;jPd; gh[p (w`;)                                           - `p[;up 631-714
5. [khYj;jPd; my;kp];]p (w`;)                             - `p[;up 654-742
6. ,khk; \k;Rj;jPd; j`gp (w`;)               - `p[;up 665-735

 

3. kq;Nfhypau; ,];yhj;ij Vw;wik.

kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;gpdhy; mg;gh]pa fpyhgj; mopf;fg;gl;l NghJk; my;yh`;tpd; cjtpahy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; K];ypk;fSld; gofp> ,];yhj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J ,];yhj;ij Vw;gjw;Fk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. ,];yhj;ij Vw;wtu;fSs; Jf;`_j;M vd;gtu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;. ,tu; fpwp];jtuhf ,Ue;J ,];yhj;ij Vw;w gpd; jdf;F m`;kj; vdg; ngaupl;lhu;. K];ypk;fSld; el;Gld; ey;y Kiwapy; ele;jNjhL ,];yhj;ij vj;jpitg;gjpYk; ,tu; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;. u\;ah> N`hf;fh]; Nghd;w gpuNjrj;J kq;Nfhypau;fSk; ,];yhj;ij Vw;wjhy; mg;gFjpfspYk; ,];yhk; gutpaJ. <uhid Ml;rp nra;j kd;dd; `h]hd; (`p.694-704) vd;gtUk; ,];yhj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. ,t;thW K];ypk;fSld; neUf;fkhd cwitf; nfhz;bUe;j kq;Nfhypau; ,];yhj;ij Vw;wjhy; ,];yhk; kj;jpahrpah> fpof;fhrpah> rPdh> u\;ah Nghd;w gFjpfSf;Fk; gut Muk;gpj;jJ.

 

4. ,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhkpa Ml;rp

,e;jpahit Ml;rp nra;j K];ypk; kd;du;fspy;; mjpfkhNdhu; kq;Nfhypa JUf;fpa ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fshtu;. Fwpg;ghf> ru;tNjr Gfo; ngw;w Kfyha Ml;rpAk; kq;Nfhypa guk;giuapduhNyNa Njhw;wptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Kfyha Ml;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;j ‘ghgu;’ kq;Nfhypa ,dj;jtu;. ,tu; [q;fp];fhd; kw;Wk; ij%upd; guk;giuapy; te;jtuhthu;. ,tupd; re;jjpapduhd mf;gu;> rh[`hd; Nghd;NwhNu Gfo; ngw;w K];ypk; ,e;jpa kd;du;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;. kq;Nfhypau; vd;w nrhy;ypd; jpupNg Kfyhau; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. mwG nkhopapy; Kfyhau;fSk;> kq;Nfhypau;fSk; magool vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

 

5. fpof;F Nkw;Ff;fpilapyhd njhlu;G Vw;gl;lik

ehfupfkw;W r%fj; njhlu;GfNs ,y;yhky; tho;e;j kq;Nfhypau; jkJ gilnaLg;Gf;fis Nkw; nfhz;ljd; gpd;du;> K];ypk;fisg; NghyNt Vida r%fj;jtUlDk; ,ize;J tho;gtu;fshf khwpdu;. fPioj;Nja mwpQu; ‘ghu; Nlhyl;’ $Wk; NghJ “kf;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ ,dj;ijNah> kj Nfhl;ghLfisNah> ,aw;ifr; #oy;fisNah nfhz;L kjpg;gplg;gLtjpy;iy. khwhf> ,dq;fSldhd njhlu;GfSk;> xUtUf;nfhUtUldhd gwpkhuy;fSNk Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;. mt;thNw gpw;Nghf;fpd; gpujhd milahsk; r%fj;ij tpl;L xJq;fp tho;tjhFk;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

 

     fhl;Lkpuhz;bfshd kq;Nfhypau; ehfupfKs;stu;fshf khWtjw;Ff; fhuzk; K];ypk;fSld; mtu;fSf;F Vw;gl;l njhlu;GfNs MFk;. kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;Ng mj;njhlu;Gf;F topaikj;jJ. fyhepjp ‘Njh]d;’ Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ “epr;rakhf kq;Nfhypa gilnaLg;Gfs; jhd; fpof;F> Nkw;F ,izg;Gf;F kpfg; gpujhd fhuzkhFk;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KbTiu

 

    

1258y; ,lk; ngw;w kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;G ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; ghupa gpd; tpisTfisAk;> jhf;fq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. xNu jiyikj;Jtj;jpd fPo; tho;e;j K];ypk;fisr; rpd;dh gpd;dkhf;fp rpjw itj;jdh; kq;;Nfhypah;. gf;jhj; tPo;r;rpapd; gpd; JUf;fpa c];khdpah; fpyhgj;ij kPsf; fl;bnaOg;gpa NghJk; xNu jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; K];ypk;fis xd;wpizg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wjhfpaJ.

 

    gf;jhjpd; kPjhd kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;G Neubahf md;iwa fpyhgj;ijr; rpijj;J gf;jhj; efiuj; jhf;fpaopj;j NghJk; gpd;ehl;fspy; rpy rhjfkhd tpisTfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

 

     mg;gh]pa fpyhgj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; Ml;rpf;F te;jth;fs; ,];yhj;ijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;shJ Mlk;gug; gpupah;fshf Raeykpfshf tho;e;jjhy; K];ypk; r%fk; ,ilad; mw;w Ml;L ke;ijfs; Nghy; vt;tpj topfhl;;lYk; ,d;wpf; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW tPo;r;rpapd; tpsp;k;gp;y; fhzg;gl;l K];ypk;fs; kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;NghL tPW nfhz;nlOe;jdh;.

 

     mj;NjhL> kq;Nfhypah;fs; K];ypk; ehLfspy; ePz;l ehl;fs; jq;fp tho;e;jjhy; ,];yhkpa ehfupf> fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L ,];yhj;ijj; jOtpdh;. ,];yhj;ijj; jOtpath;fs; jk; guk;giu tPuj;;ijAk;> cj;Ntfj;ijAk; ,];yhj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy; <LgLj;jpdh;.

 

    ,jdhy;> ,];yhkpa tuyhW Gj;jhf;fk; ngw;wJ. ‘,];yhj;ij mopf;f te;j kq;Nfhypah;fspd; guk;giuapdNu ,];;yhj;jpd; fhtyh;fshf khwpdh;’ vd;gJ tpag;Gf;Fupa cz;ikahFk;. ,th;fspd; guk;giuapy;; te;jth;fNs ,e;jpahit ePz;;l fhyk; Ml;rp nra;J cyfstp;y; Gfo; ngw;w Kfyhah;fs; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

 

     ,t;thW> 1258y; ,lk; ngw;w gf;jhj; kPjhd kq;Nfhypag; gilnaLg;G gy rhjf ghjf tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jp> ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; kpfg; ngUk; jpUg;G Kidahf mike;jJ. 

 

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

crhj;Jizfs;

 

1. Rf;up.vk;.V.vk;> (1997)> ,];yhkpa gz;ghl;L kj;jp epiyaq;fs;> esPkpa;ah ,];yhkpa ntspaPl;Lg; gzpafk;> NgUtis> ,yq;if

 

2. m]Jy;yh.fh>(1976)> njd; Nkw;F Mrpa tuyhW> jkpo; ehl;L ghl E}y; epWtdk;> nkl;uh];.

 

3. k`;%j; \hfpu;>(1991) mj;jhupf; my; ,];yhkp> (ghfk;;:06)> my; kf;jg; my; ,];yhkp> ig&j;

 

4. my;`hgpo; ,g;D fjPu;>(1983)> my;gpjhah te;ep`hah>(ghfk;:13)> kf;jgJy; kMupg;> ig&j;.

 

5. [yhYj;jPd; mg;Ju; u`;khd; mgP gf;u; m];]_A+jp>(1989)> jhupFy; Fygh>my; kf;jgh my; m];upa;ah> ig&j;.

 

6. k`;Kj; igYy;yh`;> K`k;kJ K`papj;jpaPd; wp];f;> K]f;fpuhj; gP mj;jhupf;> my; ,jhuJy; Mk;khypy; kM`pjpy; m];`upa;ah> my; m];`u;> vfpg;J.

 

7. ikf;fy; n`r; `hu;l;> (1998) E}W Ngu;> kPuh gg;spNf\d;> nrd;id> ,e;;jpah

 

8. ,g;Dy; mjPu;  (1985) my; fhkpy; gpj;jhuP`py; ,];yhkp> Km];]j;Ju; up]hyh> ig&j;.

 

,izajsq;fs;

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